tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69618890131672668902024-03-05T11:10:12.446-08:00ARCHEOLOGIE BIBLIQUECe blog est publié pour recueillir des informations archéologiques qui révèle passé de l'humanité, ce qui prouve l'existence de personnages bibliques et les événements décrits dans la Bible (Pour les historiens et les théologiens Valdemir Mota de Menezes)VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.comBlogger123125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-5713376812860600042018-06-25T18:11:00.003-07:002018-06-27T18:25:26.455-07:00LIVRO: HAMLET DE SHAKESPEARE COM COMENTÁRIOSvenda deste livro no clubedeautores.com<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 170<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2018)<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 978-1721807574<br />
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O drama aqui narrado tem uma lição de moral que poucos comentam: O adultério é uma tragédia! Gertrudes, a adúltera e Cláudio, o adúltero. Este casal estava em adultério, e para se unirem, precisaram matar o rei. Sem medo nem culpa, casaram dois meses após matarem o rei, pai de Hamlet. O pecado de adultério levou ao assassinato, com a morte do rei, Hamlet encheu seu coração de ódio contra o casal adúltero. Hamlet mata Apolônio, o pai de sua amada Ofélia. Ofélia sabendo que seu amado matou seu pai, suicida-se. O rei Claudio e Laertes, filho de Apolônio e irmão de Ofélia tramam a morte e Hamlet, em um desafio de espadas, Hamlet e Laertes duelam e ambos morrem no duelo, no ultimo instante Hamlet mata o rei famigerado, Claudio. Rainha em meio ao duelo bebe veneno e morre, acusando no ultimo instante o rei Claudio de ter colocado veneno no cálice.</div>
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<b> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/hamlet-de-shakespeare-com-comentrios" target="_blank" title="HAMLET DE SHAKESPEARE COM COMENTÁRIOS">HAMLET DE SHAKESPEARE COM COMENTÁRIOS</a> </b> von <b><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></b>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-39235785496136167772018-06-25T18:10:00.002-07:002018-06-25T18:10:56.031-07:00INSCRIÇÃO DE TEL DAN<a href="https://www.cafetorah.com/portal/tel-dan" rel="noopener" target="_blank">A Inscrição de Tel Dan</a>
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A Iscrição ou Estela de Tel Dan é uma pedra negra de basalto
descoberta em um sítio arqueológico durante escavações em Tel Dan ao
norte de Israel. A inscrição de Tel Dan encontra-se atualmente no Museu
de Israel, em Jerusalém. Ela foi esculpida por ordem de um rei arameu
contendo inscrições em aramaico e em alfabeto aramaico, onde se
comemorava uma das vitórias sobre um reino local, com os seguintes
escritos: מלך.ישראל ("Rei de Israel") e ביתדוד ("Casa de Davi"). A
autoria da escrita não pode ser reconhecida na inscrição, ele era
provavelmente o rei de Damasco, Hazael ou um de seus filhos. A inscrição
desta rocha gerou múltiplas teorias entre acadêmicos de várias áreas da
ciência, porque as letras transliteradas do original aramaico para o
hebraico (ביתדוד, BYT DWD, Beth David, "Casa de Davi") podem ser a única
referência a linhagem de Davi relatada por outro povo além do Povo de
Israel. Até a data da descoberta esta foi a primeira vez em que o nome
do rei Davi de Israel, foi reconhecido entre os epigrafistas,
historiadores e arqueólogos. As opiniões teóricas finais do consenso
entre os acadêmicos e arqueólogos epigrafistas é que os três fragmentos é
uma referência ao Rei Davi, sucessor do Rei Saul e pai do Rei Salomão,
os três primeiros reis da monarquia israelita descrita nos livros I e II
Samuel e I e II Reis, contidos no Velho Testamento, o Tanakh para os
judeus.VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-80445139588478511892017-01-23T05:22:00.003-08:002017-01-23T05:22:58.603-08:00PORTAL DO REI EZEQUIAS<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
Descoberta arqueológica confirma história da Bíblia</h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.44px; text-align: center;">Maia uma descoberta histórica</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #26282a; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Quem já leu a Bíblia provavelmente conhece a narrativa do rei Ezequias. Segundo conta a história do Livro Sagrado, ele reinou em uma cidade histórica e baniu dela todas as referências pagãs que ela possuía. Por muito tempo, especulou-se sobre a veracidade da cidade, que ficaria onde hoje é Israel. E um grupo de arqueólogos conseguiu provar que, sim, a história do rei Ezequias é realmente verdadeira. Em explorações na região, os arqueólogos fizeram a descoberta que especialistas da área e religiosos esperavam havia séculos. Lá encontraram um santuário e seu portal extremamente antigo. O portal, que foi desenterrado por inteiro pelo grupo de arqueólogos, está localizado no que hoje é a cidade israelense de Tel Lachish. Parte do portal já havia sido encontrada, mas só sua descoberta por inteiro confirmou a história.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">“O que temos hoje é algo realmente muito especial, desenterramos o portal por inteiro. E podemos afirmar que o tamanho do portal coincide bastante com os conhecimentos históricos e arqueológicos que temos sobre essa história bíblica”, afirma Sa’ar Ganor, diretor da Autoridade de Antiguidades de Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">A porta encontrada é a entrada para uma área de 24,5 metros quadrados onde foram encontradas outras seis câmaras orientadas para a rua principal da antiga cidade. A descoberta foi muito comemorada tanto pela comunidade de arqueólogos como entre religiosos.</span></span></div>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-31119008984143891412017-01-23T05:20:00.001-08:002017-01-23T05:20:01.608-08:00LIVRO: 101 MARAVILHAS DE DEUS - VOLUME IV<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5677917054327308814" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #c0a154; color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.524px; line-height: 1.5; position: relative; width: 518px;">
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Este livro pode ser lido gratuitamente abaixo, baixar em download no slideshare, ou você pode comprar em formato e-book ou impresso pelo clubedeautores.com.br ou amazon.com.br</div>
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Continuo em minha saga em investigar o mundo, os sentimentos, os animais, plantas e outros seres vivos procurando vestígios que indiquem que tudo isso não esta diante dos nossos olhos por acidente, por evolução cega, aleatória e burra, mas que o mundo revela que existe uma mente brilhante que o projetou e que criou leis naturais para fazer o grande mecanismo do universo funcionar automaticamente. Percebemos claramente que são milhões ou bilhões de engrenagens que fazem o universo funcionar. Não podemos falar muito do universo porque o nosso conhecimento é mínimo sobre os corpos celestes e as possíveis criaturas que infestam o infinito. Mas o planeta Terra possui um acervo de variedade de espécies de vida que é estarrecedor. Enquanto os cientistas procuram algum vestígio de vida no universo, mesmo que seja uma bactéria, aqui na Terra são tantas espécies de vida que ainda não catalogamos todas. Mas todas as criaturas possuem características peculiares e tecnologias biológicas embarcadas que só podem ter surgido porque foram criadas no laboratório espacial de Deus.</div>
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<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Categorias: </b><a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/cienciasdavida" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciências Da Vida</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/cienciasdaterra" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciências Da Terra</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/cienciaambiental" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciência Ambiental</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/cienciasbiologicas" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciências Biológicas</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/ciencia" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciência</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/animais" style="color: #993322; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Animais</a> </span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Palavras-chave: </b>biologia, criacionismo, deus, natureza</span></div>
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Características</h4>
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<img alt="Cover_front_perspective" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/227155/preview/cover_front_perspective.png?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1508010639&Signature=2YZs5ZOjjBPggVZ6Ok%2BOzY9nups%3D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 119<br />
<br style="vertical-align: inherit;" />
<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2017)<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 978-1542709279<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Formato:</b> A5 148x210<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acabamento:</b> Brochura c/ orelha<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tipo de papel:</b> Offset 75g</div>
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/101-maravilhas-de-deus-volume-iv" style="color: #993322; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="101 MARAVILHAS DE DEUS - VOLUME IV">101 MARAVILHAS DE DEUS - VOLUME IV</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" style="color: #993322; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong><br />
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-29884681307636907022016-10-04T07:10:00.002-07:002016-10-04T07:10:41.118-07:00LIVRO: PÔR DO SOL - MARAVILHAS DE DEUSLivro a venda no clubedeautores e no amazon.com.br<br />
Leia gratuitamente ou faça download pelo slideshare logo abaixo.<br />
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As fotos mais lindas do pôr do sol no mundo. Esta é a proposta deste livro, mostrar a beleza do por do sol em todas as nações do planeta Terra. Um dos momentos mais sublimes do dia é exatamente a hora em que o sol se põe e lentamente a noite toma conta. Infelizmente vivemos uma época em que as pessoas estão ocupadas demais para ver o espetáculo que Deus nos garante gratuitamente quase todos os dias, falo quase todos os dias porque algumas vezes e em alguns lugares nem sempre dá para ver o por do sol com tanta regularidade, devido os dias chuvosos e nublados.</div>
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<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Categorias: </b><a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/geofisica" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Geofísica</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/ecologia" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ecologia</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/cienciasdaterra" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciências Da Terra</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/natureza" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Natureza</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/geografiaehistoria" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Geografia E Historia</a>, <a href="https://clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/ciencia" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciência</a> </span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Palavras-chave: </b>bíblia, física, meteorologia, sol</span></div>
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Características</h4>
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<img alt="Cover_front_perspective" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/219216/preview/cover_front_perspective.png?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1498442514&Signature=khRt7t3bzIy567WhCiLjM45hlME%3D" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 96<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2016)<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 1539336964<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Formato:</b> A5 148x210<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acabamento:</b> Brochura c/ orelha<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tipo de papel:</b> Offset 75g</div>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-78248070350406566892016-10-04T07:09:00.001-07:002016-10-04T07:09:48.460-07:00Descubrimientos de la arqueología bíblica del 2012<h3 class="zoomit" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #17417b; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 1.7rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
Publican los 10 descubrimientos de la arqueología bíblica del 2012</h3>
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Los siguientes descubrimientos son algunos de los más interesantes anunciados en el último año, publicado por Artifax, una revista de noticias trimestral publicada por el Instituto de Arqueología Bíblica.<a href="http://www.noticiacristiana.com/iglesia/israel/2013/01/publican-los-10-descubrimientos-de-la-arqueologia-biblica-del-2012.html" style="border: 0px; color: #17417b; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
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¿Qué sientes con esta noticia?</h3>
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Cada año varias docenas de instituciones realizan excavaciones arqueológicas en tierra bíblicas, algunas de estas llaman la atención debido a las dimensiones interesantes de sus descubrimientos porque mucha de esta información recopilada nos ayuda a entender mejor el mundo de la Biblia en su contexto social.</div>
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Los siguientes descubrimientos son algunos de los más interesantes anunciados en el último año, publicado por Artifax, una revista de noticias trimestral publicada por el Instituto de Arqueología Bíblica.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 1.- Mosaico de la historia de Sansón:</strong> el hallazgo ocurrió en julio, en unas excavaciones arqueológicas en Huqoq en Galilea, Israel, donde se descubrió una monumental sinagoga que se remonta a los siglos IV y V, bajo el Imperio Romano.</div>
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Las excavaciones fueron realizadas por Jodi Magness, de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill, David Amit y Súa Kisilevitz, ambos de la Autoridad de Antigüedades de Israel, bajo el patrocinio de la UNC, la Universidad Brigham Young en Utah, la Universidad Trinity en Texas, la Universidad de Oklahoma y la Universidad de Toronto en Canadá.</div>
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El piso de mosaico encontrado en esta sinagoga tiene una impresionante decoración.</div>
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El mosaico, está hecho de pequeños cubos de piedra de colores de la más alta calidad e incluye una escena que representa la colocación de las antorchas de Sansón en las colas de unos 300 zorros (como se relata en el libro de Jueces 15).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 2) Santuarios del Culto de los tiempos del rey David:</strong> Estos santuarios fueron descubiertos en el 2011, pero las excavaciones, fueron anunciadas en la primavera del 2012 por el arqueólogo Yosef Garfinkel del Instituto de Arqueología de la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén.</div>
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El descubrimiento de objetos revelaron luz sobre cómo se organizó un culto en Judá en la época del rey David. Durante las últimas excavaciones arqueológicas en Khirbet Qeiyafa, una ciudad fortificada en Judá, junto al valle de Elah, Garfinkel y sus colegas descubrieron ricos conjuntos de cerámica, piedra y herramientas de metal, y numerosos objetos de arte y culto.</div>
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Estos incluyen tres grandes habitaciones que servían como capillas de culto, que por su arquitectura y hallazgos se corresponden con la descripción bíblica de un culto en la época del rey David.</div>
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Este descubrimiento es extraordinario, ya que es la primera vez que han sido descubiertos los santuarios de la época de los primeros reyes bíblicos. Debido a que estos santuarios son anteriores a la construcción del templo de Salomón en Jerusalén en unos 30 a 40 años, proporcionan la primera evidencia física de un culto en la época del rey David, con implicaciones significativas para los campos de la arqueología, la historia, la Biblia y estudios de la religión.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 3) Depósito de agua del período del Primer Templo de Jerusalén: </strong>Arqueólogos israelíes descubrieron en septiembre, un depósito de agua del período del Primer Templo de Jerusalén que arroja luz sobre los modos y usos de la vida en la ciudad santa hace unos 2.500 años.</div>
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Hallado a los pies del muro occidental de la explanada donde se alzaba el templo, conocido como de las Lamentaciones, el depósito recibía el agua desde el estanque de Siloé, a unos cientos de metros fuera de las murallas, según la Dirección de Antigüedades de Israel.</div>
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“Está absolutamente claro ahora que Jerusalén no se abastecía de agua únicamente del manantial de Gihón, sino que tenía otros recursos de uso público”, afirma en un comunicado el arqueólogo Eli Shokrón (arriba en la foto) que dirige el proyecto en nombre de la Dirección de Antigüedades.</div>
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Esta cisterna se encuentra cerca de la esquina suroeste del Monte del Templo, bajo el Arco de Robinson. Con sus 66.000 galones de capacidad, este descubrimiento proporciona nueva información sobre el consumo de agua en la época del Primer Templo de Jerusalén.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 4) Antiguo sello con el nombre de la ciudad de Belén en Jerusalén: </strong>Mientras se investigaba el suelo en las excavaciones arqueológicas que la Autoridad de Antigüedades de Israel llevaba a cabo en la Ciudad de David, en los “muros alrededor del Parque Nacional de Jerusalén”, se descubrió una bulla que lleva el nombre de la ciudad de Belén, según la antigua escritura hebrea.</div>
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Es el primer artefacto antiguo que constituye una prueba tangible de la existencia de la ciudad de Belén, mencionada en la Biblia.</div>
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Una bulla es un trozo de arcilla que se utilizaba para el sellado de un documento u objeto. La misma era impresa con el sello de la persona que enviaba el documento u objeto, y su integridad era una prueba de que dicho documento u objeto no había sido abierto por cualquier persona no autorizada para hacerlo.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 5) Sello hebreo con el nombre de ‘Matanyahu’ de período del Primer Templo:</strong> Los restos fueron descubiertos en el edificio más cercano al Primer Templo, expuesto hasta ahora en las excavaciones arqueológicas, un sello hebreo con el nombre de ‘Matanyahu’.</div>
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Tras el trabajo arqueológico de la Autoridad de Antigüedades de Israel en el canal de drenaje de hace 2.000 años entre la Ciudad de David y el Jardín Arqueológico de Jerusalén, ocurrió este descubrimiento.</div>
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Este era un sello hebreo personal del final del período del Primer Templo fue descubierto en el piso del antiguo edificio. El sello está hecho de una piedra semi-preciosa y está grabada con el nombre de su dueño: “Lematanyahu Ben Ho…” (“למתניהו בן הו…”, que significa: “Perteneciente a Matanyahu Hijo de Ho…”). El resto de la inscripción esta borrada.</div>
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De acuerdo con Eli Shukron, director de las excavaciones en nombre de la Autoridad de Antigüedades de Israel “el nombre Matanyahu, al igual que el nombre de Netanyahu, significa dar a Dios. Estos nombres se mencionan varias veces en la Biblia. Son típicos de los nombres en el Reino de Judá, a finales del período del Primer Templo.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 6) Un escarabajo egipcio:</strong> Esto se encontró en Jerusalén poco antes de la Pascua del 2012. Representa la imagen de un pato, que es el nombre del dios sol Amón-Ra. Está fechado en el siglo 13 Antes de Cristo, justo después del período de Amarna.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 7) La Kiryat Gat:</strong> Este tesoro fue encontrado cerca de Ashkelon y contiene 140 monedas romanas de oro y plata que datan de finales del siglo primero y principios del segundo. El tesoro incluye un pendiente de oro y un anillo con un sello que representa a una diosa alada. Los magníficos artefactos fueron enterrados en un patio y envueltos en una tela de paño, presumiblemente ocultados por un habitante rico.</div>
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Las monedas de oro y aproximadamente 140 de plata, llevan imágenes de los emperadores Nerón, Nerva y Trajano, y habrían sido acuñadas entre el 54 y 117 d.C., décadas antes de la revuelta judía de Bar Kokhba contra los romanos.</div>
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El arqueólogo Sa`ar Ganor sugiere que este “es probablemente un escondite de emergencia en el cual una mujer rica, ante el peligro inminente, escondió sus joyas y dinero envueltas en un paño y en lo profundo de la tierra antes o durante la revuelta de Bar Kokhba.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 8 ) La escultura hitita Neo en Tel Tayinat:</strong> Los registros de inscripción son del reinado de Suppiluliuma, que probablemente antecede a Salmanasar III en el año 858 Antes de Cristo. Se trata de una excavación importante en Turquía, a 22 millas al este de Antioquía (antigua Antioquía) en el camino a Aleppo. Tim Harrison, quien es un arqueólogo de la Universidad de Toronto cree que este es el reino neohitita, que también puede ser el Calno mencionado en Isaías 10:9-10.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 9) Trigo con 3400 años de edad en Hazor:</strong> El trigo fue descubierto en 14 jarras de arcilla, fue quemado, pero no destruido hace 3400 años. Esta es una de las excavaciones en curso más relevantes de Israel, en una de las ciudades más antiguas e importantes de Israel.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"># 10) Puerto de Akko:</strong> Arqueólogos expusieron los restos del puerto, correspondiente a los siglos tercero y segundo Después de Cristo. Este fue el puerto más importante de Israel en los siglos inmediatamente anteriores al nacimiento de Cristo.</div>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-40912362291079617922016-08-10T18:17:00.002-07:002016-08-10T18:17:52.077-07:00SCEAU DE 2.500 ANS<div style="background-color: white; color: #474747; font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px;">
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Un rare sceau de 2.500 ans portant un nom hébreu d’une femme a été découvert en dehors de la vieille ville de Jérusalem, a annoncé l’Autorité des Antiquités d’Israël (IAA).</strong></div>
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Le sceau a été trouvé dans un site archéologique du quartier de Silwan, à l’est de Jérusalem. Le sceau, en pierre semi-précieuse, porte une inscription en lettres hébraïques « Elihana bat Gael », qui signifie: « Elihana fille de Gael ». Les archéologues ont trouvé un autre sceau là-bas, portant l’inscription « Sa’aryahu ben Shabenyahu ».</div>
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« Des sceaux personnels, tels que ceux d’Elihana et Sa’aryahu, ont été utilisés pour la signature des documents, et ont souvent été incrustés comme partie d’une bague qui a été portée par le propriétaire », a déclaré le Dr Doron Ben-Ami, directeur de l’excavation.</div>
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« Dans l’antiquité, ils désignaient l’identité, la généalogie et le statut du propriétaire du sceau », a-t-il conclu.</div>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-81455782861902016782016-08-10T18:14:00.001-07:002016-08-10T18:14:04.300-07:00LIVRO: O INSTITUTO DIVINO DA PENA DE MORTEVocê pode comprar este livro em e-book ou impresso em várias livrarias virtuais entre elas:<br />
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<img alt="Cover_front_perspective" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/215268/preview/cover_front_perspective.png?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1493767370&Signature=Y%2F%2F2Nudh8r%2FgBpOXttde6uPlVIA%3D" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></div>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 143<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2016)<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 1537005499<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Formato:</b> A5 148x210<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acabamento:</b> Brochura c/ orelha<br />
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tipo de papel:</b> Offset 75g</div>
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A pena de morte não é um ato de maldade, mas de bondade. Bondade porque restaura a justiça, equilibrando a balança e vingando a morte do inocente. Quando alguém é assassinado, Deus instituiu o Estado como vingador o inocente. Um vingador não pode ter o braço mole... A pena de morte é um ato de bondade, porque ao se executar um criminoso, ela salva a vida de pelo menos outros cem criminosos que sofrem o efeito pedagógico da pena de morte, pois o receio de ter o mesmo fim faz com que um grande número de pessoas com impulsos criminosos refreie seus instintos selvagens. Por fim, a pena de morte é um ato de bondade porque com a consciência que nos próximos dias o delinquente será executado, ele pode refletir, se arrepender e descansar da sua luta inglória contra seus instintos indomáveis. Como diz o apostolo Paulo: “o morrer é ganho.” Ora, quem não consegue viver sob as regras sociais a morte é um alívio.</div>
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/o-instituto-divino-da-pena-de-morte" target="_blank" title="O INSTITUTO DIVINO DA PENA DE MORTE">O INSTITUTO DIVINO DA PENA DE MORTE</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-26355179487152461652016-04-15T21:03:00.002-07:002016-04-15T21:03:20.302-07:00TODOS OS TELEFONES DO PRESIDENTE LULA<div style="text-align: justify;">
Compre o livro TODOS OS TELEFONES DO PRESIDENTE LULA em várias livrarias virtuais como amazon.com, e clubedeautores.com.br no endereço abaixo:</div>
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https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/207470--TODOS_OS_TELEFONES_DO_PRESIDENTE_LULA#.VxGX-vkrLIU</div>
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<img height="320" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/207470/preview/cover_front_big.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1483666753&Signature=Ac5SKITmsC3w5uepf6eRiXtOoa8%3D" width="225" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Este presente volume faz uma análise das ligações telefônicas que o juiz Sergio Moro retirou o sigilo do processo e permitiu que a sociedade brasileira tomasse conhecimento do complô que Lula, Dilma e a cúpula do Partido dos Trabalhadores tramavam contra o Brasil. Em seu plano de poder, o PT enriqueceu seus membros mais ilustres e arregimentava sua quadrilha na ralé da sociedade com seus exércitos paralelos como o MST, os ditos movimentos sociais, os sindicatos e grupos sanguessugas como a CUT (Central Única dos Trabalhadores). As revelações das conversas telefônicas deixaram o Brasil estarrecido com as manobras ilegais que o PT tramava para livrar Lula das mãos pesadas da justiça federal, em especial, da REPÚBLICA DE CURITIBA, pois daquela capital brasileira, uma força conjunta da Policia Federal, do Ministério Público Federal e da Justiça Federal, desvendou-se o maior esquema de corrupção da história do Brasil e mesmo da história da humanidade. O volume de dinheiro desviado do erário público e da Petrobrás trata-se de uma soma astronômica que bandidos mancomunados transferiram para sustentar a máfia do PT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="714" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/qnyaMPxE0zkL8c" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="668"></iframe><br />
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/todos-os-telefones-do-presidente-lula" target="_blank" title="TODOS OS TELEFONES DO PRESIDENTE LULA">TODOS OS TELEFONES DO PRESIDENTE LULA</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-71661573973941396232016-03-10T19:56:00.002-08:002016-03-10T19:56:37.042-08:00LIVRO: O DIABO ESTÁ AO SEU LADOO Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro e pode ser comprado impresso ou em e-book no endereço abaixo, além de dezenas de outras editoras e livrarias virtuais. Pode ser lido na íntegra logo a seguir.<br />
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https://www.clubedeautores.com.br/book/204955--O_Diabo_esta_ao_seu_lado?topic=desenvolvimento#.VuIzdfkrLIU<br />
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<img alt="Cover_front_medium" height="320" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/204955/preview/cover_front_medium.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1480560891&Signature=RC6qM2ndcN9rvzDaKdyNfWHghg4%3D" width="225" /></div>
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Tive inúmeras experiências com os demônios, e a cada dia tenho novas experiências. Ninguém passa por este mundo sem sentir por algum momento uma perturbação em sua vida. Um vulto que passou por trás de você, uma voz chamando seu nome e você não vê ninguém. Um pesadelo extremamente assustador. Um impulso maligno para fazer algo contrário a sua consciência. Muitas vezes uma voz, como se houvesse outra pessoa discutindo em sua mente com você, te tentando para fazer algo proibido. Cada um fazendo uma retrospectiva da sua vida perceberá que em alguns momentos uma presença maligna o cercou. Não tem como evitar isso. Aliás, quanto mais a pessoa se volta para Deus, mais chances ela terá de sentir o Mal lhe rondando, lhe cercando e espreitando sua vida, porque o Diabo não quer ninguém bem. <o:p></o:p></div>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-90587065510093262762016-01-17T09:56:00.001-08:002016-01-17T09:56:44.274-08:00ENTENDA A CONGREGAÇÃO CRISTÃ - VOLUME II - CONVENÇÕES DE 1965 A 1971<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">O Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro que você pode ler aqui na íntegra.Trata-se de uma. crítica textual sobre as deliberações das convenções da CCB entre os anos de 1965 a 1971 Contendo 183 páginas. O livro pode ser adquirido impresso no endereço a seguir:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/201801--Entenda_a_Congregacao_Crista__Volume_II#.Vpu8fvkrLIU</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">http://www.amazon.com/</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><br /></span><br />
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<img alt="Cover_front_medium" height="320" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/201801/preview/cover_front_medium.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1475933854&Signature=82GN7wxoNCgBI334i2UR9s4hKtE%3D" width="225" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">A CCB (Congregação Cristã no Brasil) é hoje considerada a terceira maior denominação evangélica do Brasil, só perdendo em membros para a Assembleia de Deus e para a Igreja Batista. Sua história é ligada ao surgimento do maior avivamento espiritual dos Estados Unidos, com os eventos sobrenaturais da Rua Azuza, que deu origem ao pentecostalismo moderno. Dali saíram Daniel Berg que fundou a Assembleia de Deus no Brasil, começando por Belém do Pará, e também pela Rua Azuza passou Luigi Francescon que fundou a Congregação Cristã no Brasil, iniciando a obra no Estado do Paraná. Este livro faz parte de uma série que estuda a evolução do pensamento na CCB, analisando as deliberações das convenções anuais.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/entenda-a-congregao-crist-volume-ii-deliberaes-das-convenes-de-1965-a-1971-com-comentrios" target="_blank" title="ENTENDA A CONGREGAÇÃO CRISTÃ - VOLUME II (DELIBERAÇÕES DAS CONVENÇÕES DE 1965 A 1971 COM COMENTÁRIOS)">ENTENDA A CONGREGAÇÃO CRISTÃ - VOLUME II (DELIBERAÇÕES DAS CONVENÇÕES DE 1965 A 1971 COM COMENTÁRIOS)</a> </strong>from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong></div>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-78128665251939648382016-01-12T07:54:00.001-08:002016-01-12T07:54:42.008-08:00LIVRO: APOCALIPSE COMENTADO PELO ESCRIBA<br />
O Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro que você pode ler aqui na íntegra.Trata-se de uma explicação do Apocalipse versículo por versículo, analisando o texto nos manuscritos grego e interpretando-o, Contendo 356 páginas. O livro pode ser adquirido impresso no endereço a seguir:<br />
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https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/200513--APOCALIPSE_COMENTADO_PELO_ESCRIBA?topic=hermeneutica<br />
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http://www.amazon.com/apocalipse-comentado-pelo-escriba-Portuguese/dp/1522923144/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1452608888&sr=8-2&keywords=apocalipse+comentado+pelo+escriba<br />
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<img alt="Cover_front_medium" height="320" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/200513/preview/cover_front_medium.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1475504436&Signature=hwHqTJsKSC5cc24PaE0GOJPH3PY%3D" width="225" /></div>
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Aqui temos um livro que poderá
ajuda-lo a entender o Apocalipse, que sem dúvida é o livro mais difícil de
interpretar das Escrituras Sagradas. Nós sabemos a responsabilidade que é
interpretá-lo, por isso nos exaustamos para poder compreender as ideias do
livro, afinal, a interpretação errônea do Apocalipse faz surgir seitas, e é por
isto que surgiram os Adventistas, os Mórmons, e as Testemunhas de Jeová;
tivemos que ler muitos comentários e inclusive orar, pedindo entendimento e
cremos que a nossa exposição está dentro daquilo que BREVEMENTE DEVE ACONTECER.
Esta obra também estuda os manuscritos antigos que serviram de base para a
tradução do livro do Apocalipse. O Apocalipse tem um ingrediente de
complexidade a mais, porque o texto original continha tantos erros gramaticais
que os escribas que faziam copias tentaram corrigir alguns erros, criando
variantes textuais, todavia, nada que comprometesse as ideias originais do
livro.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<strong> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR/apocalipse-comentado-pelo-escriba" target="_blank" title="APOCALIPSE COMENTADO PELO ESCRIBA">APOCALIPSE COMENTADO PELO ESCRIBA</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ESCRIBAVALDEMIR" target="_blank">ESCRIBAVALDEMIR</a></strong> </div>
VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-60371771752828137652015-10-02T21:09:00.002-07:002015-10-02T21:09:57.228-07:00LIVRO: MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME IO Escriba Valdemir publicou este livro que você pode ler aqui na íntegra. São 42 capítulos falando dos crimes cometidos pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores. O livro pode ser adquirido impresso no endereço a seguir:<br />
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https://clubedeautores.com.br/book/194321--MEMORIAL_CRIMINOSO_DO_PT<br />
<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.clubedeautores.com.br/downloads/books/194321/preview/cover_front_big.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=02VTT47Q18YKJ450E5R2&Expires=1465907375&Signature=CsGgAE9QslpW%2BeYGuOFTmTMCZTc%3D" /><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="510" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//pt.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/C9pGf1KWmqH0ao" style="border-width: 1px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" width="477"> </iframe> <br />
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<strong> <a href="https://pt.slideshare.net/ValdemirMotaDEMenezes/memorial-criminoso-do-pt-volume-i" target="_blank" title="MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME I">MEMORIAL CRIMINOSO DO PT - VOLUME I</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/ValdemirMotaDEMenezes" target="_blank">Valdemir Mota DE Menezes</a></strong> <br />
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-70590852542084668162015-06-29T22:19:00.001-07:002015-06-29T22:19:18.379-07:00LIVRO DE ARQUEOLOGIA DO ESCRIBA VALDEMIREscriba Valdemir M Menezes publica livro sobre Arqueologia Bíblica<br />
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Sinopse</h4>
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A Arqueologia Bíblica é um ramo da Arqueologia e das ciências históricas que visa resgatar o passado, nos dando compreensão sobre os fatos, lugares, e pessoas que vieram em determinado tempo. O intuito deste livro é introduzir o leitor no estudo da Bíblia para que possamos ter certeza que o livro mais lido e mais vendido do mundo, não é um conto religioso, mas se trata de um importante livro de registro de eventos históricos que de fato aconteceram, por mais que nela contenha históricas fantásticas, a Bíblia não pode ser desprezada. Da mesma forma que a vida moderna com o advento das novas tecnologias seria considerada absurdo para os povos antigos, que possivelmente não acreditariam no que estaria por vir.</div>
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<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Categorias: </b><a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/middleeast" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Middle East</a>, <a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/israel" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Israel</a>, <a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/historiografia" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Historiografia</a>, <a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/referenciabiblica" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Referência Bíblica</a>, <a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/geografiaehistoria" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Geografia E Historia</a>, <a href="http://www.clubedeautores.com.br/books/by_topic/dicionariobiblico" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: inherit;">Dicionário Bíblico</a> </span><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Palavras-chave: </b>arqueologia, bibliologia, história</span></div>
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Características</h4>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Número de páginas:</b> 130 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Edição:</b> 1(2015) <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">ISBN:</b> 978-1512138085 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Formato:</b> A5 148x210 <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Coloração:</b> Preto e branco <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acabamento:</b> Brochura c/ orelha <br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><br style="vertical-align: inherit;" /><b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tipo de papel:</b> Offset 75g</div>
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<b style="vertical-align: inherit;">Escriba Valdemir Mota de Menezes</b><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; vertical-align: inherit;">
Professor e teólogo, nascido em Itabaiana/SE, formado em Teologia, História, Ciências Biológicas e Gestão Empresarial. Fundou em 1990 o Centro de Evangelismo Universal. Possui mais de 300 blogs na internet.</div>
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<br />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-56980807971569723512014-08-24T08:58:00.001-07:002014-09-08T20:55:14.079-07:00LE SECRET DU TOMBEAU D'HÉRODE - SCRIBE VALDEMIRLe Hérode le Grand, mégalomane est un personnage biblique, son existence est entièrement pris en charge par l'archéologie. Outre la construction de travaux pharaoniques, il a fait l'histoire en essayant de tuer Jésus, alors qu'il était un jeune garçon. Hérode a ordonné le massacre de tous les enfants de Bethléem, dans l'espoir de tuer ceux-ci, le Jésus de sauveur. (Valdemir Mota de Menezes)<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/EVKOhBs_a-4" width="560"></iframe><br />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-47750121521007308762014-07-14T20:02:00.001-07:002014-07-14T20:02:32.812-07:00DOCUMENTARIO: L'ULTIMO GIORNO DI POMPEI - SCRIBE VALDEMIR<br />
Questo documentario cerca di ricostruire l'ultimo giorno di alcune persone che vivevano a Pompei prima del fatidico giorno in cui il Vesuvio ha sfogo, inghiottendo gli abitanti di Pompei che vivevano ai suoi piedi.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/BYnMUOGdI5M" width="420"></iframe>VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-19996744556839317132014-02-18T05:28:00.002-08:002014-02-18T05:28:34.053-08:00CITY OF PRIENE<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b>VALDEMIR MOTA DE MENEZES, THE SCRIBE - SOURCE WIKIPEDIA</b></div>
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<b>Priene</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πριήνη</span> <span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode';" title="Ancient Greek transliteration"><i>Priēnē</i></span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <span lang="tr" xml:lang="tr"><i>Prien</i></span>) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> (and member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_League" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a>) at the base of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycale" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mycale">Mycale</a>, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the then course of the Maeander (now called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Büyük Menderes River">Büyük Menderes</a> or "Big Maeander") River, 67 kilometres (42 mi) from ancient <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aydin">Anthea</a>, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Söke">Aneon</a> and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>. It was formerly on the sea coast, built overlooking the ocean on steep slopes and terraces extending from sea level to a height of 380 metres (1,250 ft) above sea level at the top of the escarpment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grant_1-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-Grant-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Today, after several centuries of changes in the landscape, it is an inland site. It is located at a short distance west of the modern village Güllübahçe Turun in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Söke">Söke</a> district of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aydın Province">Aydın Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div>
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Priene possessed a great deal of famous Hellenistic art and architecture. The city's original position on Mount Mycale has never actually been discovered; however, it is believed that it was a peninsula possessing two harbours. Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city's size, as it is believed around 4 to 5 thousand inhabitants occupied the region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district which consisted of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouleuterion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bouleuterion">bouleuterion</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prytaneion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prytaneion">prytaneion</a>, the cultural district containing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre</a>, the commercial where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agora">agora</a> was located and finally the religious district which contained sanctuaries dedicated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and most importantly the Temple of Athena.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Historical_geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical geography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Earliest_cities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Earliest cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#4th_century_BCE_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">4th century BCE city</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Later_years" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Later years</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Contemporary_geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary geography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Territory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Territory</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Archaeological_excavations_and_current_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Archaeological excavations and current state</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#Notes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_geography">Historical geography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Historical geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Earliest_cities">Earliest cities</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Earliest cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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The city visible on the slopes and escarpment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycale" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mycale">Mycale</a> was constructed according to plan entirely within the 4th century BCE. It was not the original Priene, which had been a port city situated at the then mouth of the Maeander River. This location caused insuperable environmental difficulties for it due to slow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aggradation">aggradation</a> of the riverbed and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progradation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Progradation">progradation</a> in the direction of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Typically the harbor would silt over and the population find itself living in pest-ridden swamps and marshes. The underlying causes of the problem are that the Maeander flows through a slowly subsiding rift valley creating a drowned coastline and that human use of the previously forested slopes and valley denudes the countryside and accelerates erosion. The sediments are progressively deposited in the trough at the mouth of the river, which migrates westward and more than compensates for the subsidence.</div>
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Physical remains of the original Priene have not yet been identified, because, it is supposed, they must be under many feet of sediment, the top of which is currently valuable agricultural land. Knowledge of the average rate of progradation is the basis for estimating the location of the city, which was moved every few centuries to renew its utility as a port. The Greek city (there may have been unknown habitations of other ethnicities, as at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>) was founded by a colony from the ancient Greek city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> in the vicinity of ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Söke">Aneon</a> at about 1000 BCE. At about 700 BCE a series of earthquakes provided the opportunity for a move to within 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of its 4th century BCE location. At about 500 BCE the city moved again to a few km away at the port of Naulochos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-crouch199-200_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-crouch199-200-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="4th_century_BCE_city">4th century BCE city</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 4th century BCE city">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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At about 350 BCE the Persian-empire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Satrap">satrap</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausolus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a> (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caria">Carian</a>) planned a magnificent new city on the steep slopes of Mycale, where it would be, it was hoped, a permanent deep-water port (similar to the many Greek island cities, which seem to delight in being located on and up seaside escarpments). Construction had begun when the Macedonians took the region from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> personally assumed responsibility for the move. Both he and Mausolus intended to make Priene a model city. He offered to pay for construction of the Temple of Athena to designs of the noted architect <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pythis">Pytheos</a>, if it would be dedicated by him, which it was, in 323 BCE; the dedicatory inscription is in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The leading citizens were quick to follow suit: most of the public buildings were constructed at private expense and are inscribed with the names of the donors.</div>
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The ruins of the city are generally conceded to be the most spectacular surviving example of an entire ancient Greek city intact except for the ravages of time. It has been studied since at least the 18th century and still is. The city was constructed of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marble">marble</a> from nearby quarries on Mycale and wood for such items as roofs and floors. The public area is laid out in a grid pattern up the steep slopes, drained by a system of channels. The water distribution and sewer systems survive. Foundations, paved streets, stairways, partial door frames, monuments, walls, terraces can be seen everywhere among toppled columns and blocks. No wood has survived. The city extends upward to the base of an escarpment projecting from Mycale. A narrow path leads to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> above.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years">Later years</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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The Temple of Athena with the cliff side of the acropolis in the background.</div>
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Despite the expectations of the population Priene lasted only a few more centuries as a deep-water port. In the 2nd century CE <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> reports that the Maeander already had silted over the inlet in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myus">Myus</a> stood and that the population had abandoned it for<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> While Miletus was apparently still open then, according to recent geoarchaeological research Priene had already lost the port and open connection to the sea in about the 1st century BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Very likely, its merchants had preceded the people of Myus to Miletus. By 300 CE the entire Bay of Miletus, except for Lake Bafa, was silted in.</div>
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Today Miletus is many miles from the sea and Priene stands at the edge of a fertile plain, now a checkerboard of privately owned fields. A Greek village remained after the population decline and was joined by a Turkish population after the 12th century CE. In the 13th century CE Priene was known as <b>Sampson</b> in Greek after the biblical hero <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samson">Samson</a> (Samsun Kale, "Samson's Castle" in Turkish). In 1204, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabas_Asidenos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabas Asidenos">Sabas Asidenos</a>, a local magnate, established himself as the city's ruler, but soon had to recognize the rule of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>. The area remained under <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>control until the late 13th century.</div>
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By 1923 whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> and shortly after the Turkish population moved to a more favorable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe, "rose garden", the old Greek settlement partly still in use, today with the name Gelebeç or Kelebeş. The tourist attraction of Priene is accessible from there.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_geography">Contemporary geography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Contemporary geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Territory">Territory</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Territory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Location of Priene at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Büyük Menderes River">Maeander River</a>'s mouth.</div>
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In the 4th century BCE Priene was a deep-water port with two harbors overlooking the Bay of Miletus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> and somewhat further east the marshes of the Maeander Delta. Between the ocean and steep Mycale agricultural resources were limited although Priene's territory probably did include a part of the Maeander Valley. Claiming much of Mycale it had borders on the north with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and Thebes, a small state on Mycale.</div>
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Priene was a small city-state of only 6000 persons living in a constrained space of only 15 hectares (37 acres). The walled area had an extent of 20 hectares (49 acres) to 37 hectares (91 acres). The population density of its residential district has been estimated at 166 persons per hectare living in about 33 homes per hectare (13 per acre) arranged in compact city blocks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The entire space within the walls offered not much more space and privacy: the density was 108 persons per hectare. All the public buildings were within walking distance, except that walking must have been an athletic event due to the vertical components of the distances.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Priene was a wealthy city, as the plenitude of fine urban homes in marble and the private dedications of public buildings suggests, not to mention the personal attentions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausolus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. One third of them had indoor toilets, a rarity in a society typically featuring public banks of outdoor seats in urban environments, side by side, an arrangement for which the flowing robes of the ancients were suitably functional. Indoor plumbing requires more extensive water supply and sewage systems. Priene's location was appropriate in that regard; they captured springs and streams on Mycale, brought them in by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueduct</a> to cisterns and piped or channeled from there to houses and fountains. Most Greek cities, such as Athens, required visits to the public fountains (the work of domestic servants), but the upper third of Prieneian society had access to indoor water.</div>
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The source of Ionian wealth was maritime activity; Ionia had a reputation among the other Greeks for being luxurious, against which practices the intellectuals, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> often railed.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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Bouleuterion</div>
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Although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stereotype">stereotyped</a> equation of wealth with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> may have applied early in Priene's history, in the 4th century BCE it was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. State authority resided in a body called the Πριηνείς (Priēneis), "the Prieneian people", who issued all decrees and other public documents in their name. The coins minted at Priene featured the helmeted head of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Athena">Athena</a> on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Obverse">obverse</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meander (art)">meander</a> pattern on the reverse, one coin also displaying a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> and the legend ΠΡΙΗ for ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ (Priēneōn), "of the Prieneians."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> These symbols express a self-view of the Prieneians as a maritime democracy aligned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Athens">Athens</a>but located in Asia.</div>
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The mechanism of democracy was similar to but simpler than that of the Athenians (who had a many times greater population). An assembly of citizens met periodically to render major decisions placed before them. The day-to-day legislative and executive business was conducted by a boulē, or city council, which met in a bouleuterion like a small theatre with a wooden roof. The official head of state was a prytane. He and more specialized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> were elected periodically. And yet, as at Athens, not all the population was franchised. For example, the property rights and tax responsibilities of a non-Prieneian section of the population living in the countryside, the pedieis, "plainsmen", were defined by law. They were perhaps, an inheritance from the days when Priene was in the valley.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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Theatre</div>
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Although the exact truth is not known, Priene was said to have been first settled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aegyptus">Aegyptus</a>, a son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belus">Belus</a> and grandson of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Codrus">King Codrus</a>, in the 11th century BCE. After successive attacks by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardys" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ardys">Ardys</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a>, it survived and prospered under the direction of its "sage," <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a>, during the middle of the 6th century BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grant_1-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-Grant-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> captured it in 545 BC; but it was able to send twelve ships to join the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_Revolt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ionic Revolt">Ionic Revolt</a>(499 BC-494 BC).</div>
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Priene was a member of the Athenian dominated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delian_League" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> in the 5th century BC and in 387 BC came under Persian dominance again until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup>Disputes with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Island" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samos Island">Samos</a>, and the troubles after Alexander's death, brought Priene low, and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rome">Rome</a> had to save it from the kings of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in 155.</div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a>, the rebellious brother of the Cappadocian king, who had deposited a treasure there and recovered it by Roman intervention, restored the temple of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Athena">Athena</a> as a thank-offering. Under Roman and Byzantine dominion Priene had a prosperous history. It passed into Muslim hands late in the 13th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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A photograph of the Athena temple ruin can be seen on a popular satellite map at 37.670°N 27.291°E, about 2 kilometers north of the road from Güllübahçe to Atburgazi, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aydın Province">Aydın Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Archaeological_excavations_and_current_state">Archaeological excavations and current state</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priene&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Archaeological excavations and current state">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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The ruins, which lie in successive terraces, were the object of missions sent out by the English <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Dilettanti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Society of Dilettanti">Society of Dilettanti</a> in 1765 and 1868, and were thoroughly laid open by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wiegand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theodor Wiegand">Theodor Wiegand</a> (1895–1899) for the Berlin Museum. The city, as refounded at a new site in the 4th century, was laid out on a rectangular scheme. The steep area faces south, the acropolis rising nearly 200 metres (660 ft) behind it. The city was enclosed by a wall 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick with towers at intervals and three principal gates.</div>
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On the lower slopes of the acropolis was a sanctuary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>. The town had six main streets, about 6 metres (20 ft) wide, running east and west and fifteen streets about 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide crossing at right angles, all being evenly spaced; and it was thus divided into about 80 insulae. Private houses were apportioned eight to an insula. The systems of water-supply and drainage can easily be discerned. The houses present many analogies with the earliest Pompeian. In the western half of the city, on a high terrace north of the main street and approached by a fine stairway, was the temple of Athena Polias, a hexastyle peripteral structure in the ionic order built by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pythis">Pytheos</a>, the architect of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maussollos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mausoleum of Maussollos">Mausoleum of Maussollos</a> at Halikarnassos, one of the seven wonders. Under the basis of the statue of Athena were found in 1870 silver tetradrachms of Orophernes, and some jewelry, probably deposited at the time of the Cappadocian restoration.</div>
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The western part of the main street (Western Gate Street) with drainage</div>
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An ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene_Synagogue" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Priene Synagogue">Priene Synagogue</a> with a carved image of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a> has also been discovered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Around the agora, the main square crossed by the main street, is a series of halls. The municipal buildings, buleuterion and prytaneion lie north of the Agora, further in the north the Upper Gymnasium with Roman baths, and the well preserved Hellenistic theatre but all, like all the other public structures, more or less in the centre of the plan. Temples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>and the Egyptian Gods <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isis">Isis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> have been laid bare. At the lowest point on the south, within the walls, was the large stadium, connected with a gymnasium of Hellenistic times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priene#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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See also</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Society of Dilettanti, Ionian Antiquities</i> (1821), vol. ii.;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Th. Wiegand and H. Schrader, Priene (1904);</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">on inscriptions (360) see Hiller von Gaertringen, <i>Inschriften von Priene</i> (Berlin, 1907), with collection of ancient references to the city</li>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-84122515379845546762014-01-14T17:40:00.000-08:002014-01-14T17:40:21.646-08:00ANCIENT LETTERANCIENT LETTER<br />
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Letter of Isias to Hephaistion<br />
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Isias to her brother Hephaistion [greeting].<br />
<br />
If you are well and other things are going right, it would accord with the prayer which I make continually to the gods. I myself and the child and all the household are in good health and think of you always. When I received your letter from Horos, in which you announce that you are in katoche in the Serapeum at Memphis, for the news that you are well I straightway thanked the gods, but about your not coming home, when all the others who had been secluded there have come, I am ill-pleased, because after having piloted myself and your child through such bad times and been driven to every extremity owing to the price of wheat, I thought that now at least, with you at home, I should enjoy some respite, whereas you have not even thought of coming home nor given any regard to our circumstances, remembering how I was in want of everything while you were still here, not to mention this long lapse of time and these critical days, during which you have sent us nothing. As, moreover, Horos who delivered the letter has brought news of your having been released from detention, I am thoroughly ill-pleased. Notwithstanding, as your mother also is annoyed, for her sake as well as for mine please return to the city, if nothing more pressing holds you back. You will do me a favor by taking care of your bodily health. Farewell.<br />
<br />
Year 2, Epeiph 30. (Address) To Hephaistion.<br />
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Read by Valdemir Mota de Menezes, the ScribeVALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-12941245027857351732014-01-07T06:22:00.000-08:002014-01-14T17:39:27.076-08:00AUGUSTALES<em style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.4em;">Augustales</strong></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;">: were members of a religious and social institution common in the cities of the western Roman empire. The vast majority of </span><em style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.4em;">Augustales</strong></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;"> were freedpersons. They attended to the veneration of the emperor and often acted as benefactors funding public entertainments and building-projects as well as paying entry fees. In return, they enjoyed the prestige of their office, which functioned almost as a magistracy. The institution thus provided wealthy freedpersons, who were legally barred from holding civic magistracies, with opportunities for public display and prestige. See also freedperson.</span><br />
<img height="290" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Herculaneum_Collegio_degli_Augustali_Iscrizione.jpg/220px-Herculaneum_Collegio_degli_Augustali_Iscrizione.jpg" width="400" />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-58109744600571372162014-01-07T06:10:00.000-08:002014-01-07T06:10:17.504-08:00GOD OF MEDICINEAsklepios (or Asclepius): was the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek religion. The son of Apollo and Coronis, he was worshipped throughout the Greek world, but his most famous sanctuary was located in Epidaurus which is situated in the northeastern Peloponnese. Sanctuaries at Pergamon (in modern-day Turkey) and Kos were also renowned. The main attribute of Asklepios is a physician’s staff with an Asklepian snake wrapped around it. The cult of Asklepios became very popular during the 300s BCE and the cult centers (known as Askleieia, singular Asklepieion) were used by priests to cure the sick. The patient would spend the night at the sanctuary in a healing process known as incubation. During the night they would supposedly be visited by the god in a dream. Priests would interpret the dreams and then recommend a remedy or give advice on how they could be cured with perhaps a recommended visit to the baths and gymnasiums. Surgical implements and reliefs depicting surgical tools have been found associated with Asklepieia.<br />
<img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzVi0PBgH_V2vH5CPrXeGO3xLVXoiYHJJhpnftgoPiTOutgikOhz4UOkU4Cm-hI-kdWROza4-b4k5p3fFjhDobPGgWCdtopS7QRkndiaQ6-YS2JNkOv8opxDkE6y6otFtqF3pwdmobbDk/s640/Aesculapius.png" width="342" />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-42695593629268663552014-01-07T06:07:00.000-08:002014-01-07T06:07:03.925-08:00AELIA CAPITOLINA<strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">By: Scribe Valdemir Mota de Menezes</strong><br />
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">Aelia Capitolina</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;">: is the name given to the Roman colony city of Jerusalem on the western hill in the area of the modern Jewish Quarter, built and named by the Roman emperor Hadrian. “</span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">Aelia</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;">” was derived from one of the emperor’s names; “</span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">Capitolina</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;">” recalled Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, the deities of the Capitoline Triad in Rome, who became the patrons of Hadrian’s new city. He also erected a temple honoring Jupiter Capitolinus on the Temple Mount, and a temple to the Roman goddess Aphrodite on the present site of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Probably Hadrian’s rebuilding and renaming of Jerusalem sparked in part the Second Jewish revolt under Bar Kokhba (132-135 CE).</span><br />
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<img height="242" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ-UKO-C1etbawiqAh4xQvQ2j8FkCluIr4jxqSgTnA1m5XoXfXp" width="400" />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-13044236522059088022014-01-07T05:57:00.000-08:002014-01-07T05:57:25.569-08:00ACHAIAN<strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">By: Scribe Valdemir Mota de Menezes</strong><br />
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">Achaian</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;"> (or </span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4em;">Achaean</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.59375px;">): is a native or inhabitant of the later Greek province of Achaia (Achaea). Achaia is the northernmost region of the Peloponnese, a large peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece, which is separated from the northern part of the country by the Gulf of Corinth.</span><br />
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span dir="auto">Achaeans</span></h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<b>Achaeans</b> are the inhabitants of Achaea in Greece. However, the meaning of Achaea changed during the course of Ancient history, and thus <i>Achaeans</i> may refer to:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans (Homer)</a>, a name used by Homer in the Iliad for Mycenaean-era Greeks in general</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans (tribe)</a>, one of the major tribes of Greece according to the Hesiodic foundation myth</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaea (ancient region)</a>, historical inhabitants, during the Archaic and Classical periods, of the Peloponnesian region of Achaea</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece#Achaea_Phthiotis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Achaea Phthiotis</a>, a central Greek region throughout the ancient Greek period</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaean_League" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, the modern Greek administrative unit</li>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-91757451774793370272013-12-24T15:01:00.000-08:002013-12-24T15:01:01.088-08:00UN TRÉSOR JUIF DANS AFGHANISTAN<br />
<h1 class="posttitle" style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 1px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cf5e0a; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ces documents découverts dans le premier siècle, il cite dans le livre du prophète Isaïe qui prouve l'ancienneté du Livre d'Isaïe. C'est l'une des nombreuses preuves de l'historicité de la Bible. (Scribe Valdemir Mota de Menezes)</span></span></span></h1>
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Afghanistan : un trésor juif vieux d’un millénaire trouvé dans une grotte</h1>
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<a href="http://www.lemondejuif.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/afghan-archeology-dig-jewish-texts.jpg" style="color: #045f9f; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="afghan-archeology-dig-jewish-texts" class=" wp-image-7906 aligncenter" height="366" src="http://www.lemondejuif.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/afghan-archeology-dig-jewish-texts.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="585" /></a></div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">C’est un véritable trésor spirituel que vient d’acquérir la Bibliothèque nationale d’Israël, située à Jérusalem. L’institution vient de racheter des manuscrits juifs vieux de plus de mille ans, trouvés dans une grotte près de la ville de Balkh, dans le nord de l’Afghanistan. Ils seront exposés pour la première fois au public dès la semaine prochaine.</strong></div>
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Repérés par le Professeur Haggai Ben-Shammaï, le directeur académique de la Bibliothèque nationale, ces manuscrits, au nombre de vingt-neuf, ont été rachetés à des négociants européens, qui eux-mêmes les avaient rachetés à des négociants afghans.</div>
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Ils ont été trouvés en 2011 dans une guenizah, une cache temporaire, avant de les enterrer conformément à la loi juive. Ils sont encore très bien conservés.</div>
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<a href="http://www.lemondejuif.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/AFGHANISTAN.jpg" style="color: #045f9f; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="AFGHANISTAN" class="aligncenter wp-image-7907" height="325" src="http://www.lemondejuif.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/AFGHANISTAN.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="585" /></a></div>
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Des analyses au Carbone 14 ont permis de les dater avec précision. Certains dateraient même du premier siècle de notre ère.</div>
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La plupart des textes ont été écrits en ancien persan ou en arabe et se composent de documents juridiques et commerciaux, selon le professeur. Les documents semblent avoir appartenu à un petit groupe de personnes.</div>
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Cependant, une découverte remarquable se distingue : il existe également quelques commentaires en judéo-arabe du Rav Saadia Gaon sur le livre d’Isaïe.</div>
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Ce trésor spirituel juif est une des plus importantes découvertes depuis celle de <a href="http://www.lemondejuif.info/cambridge-et-oxford-des-rivaux-historiques-sunissent-pour-sauver-lhistoire-juive/" style="color: #045f9f; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambridge et Oxford, des rivaux historiques s’unissent pour sauver l’Histoire juive.">la Guenizah du Caire</a>, à la fin du XIXe siècle, comprenant 200 000 manuscrits juifs datant de 870 à 1880, écrits en hébreu, arabe et araméen, et celle des manuscrits de la Mer Morte en 1947.</div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Déborah Partouche – © Monde Juif .info</strong></div>
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VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-49798596939044921002013-12-06T12:04:00.000-08:002013-12-06T12:04:38.141-08:00SARCOPHAGE DE LA REINE SADDAN<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 17px;">L'archéologie est la science qui cherche à sauver les vestiges du passé. (Valdemir Mota de Menezes, le Scribe)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Sarcophage de la reine Saddan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">1er siècle apr. J.-C., calcaire</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Département des Antiquités orientales, don F. de Saulcy</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /><br />Il y a tout juste 150 ans, Félix de Saulcy (1807-1880), explorant le monument appelé Tombeau des Rois, situé au nord de la Porte de Damas à <a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"tn":"*N","type":104}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/j%C3%A9rusalem?source=feed_text" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span class="_58cl" style="color: #6d84b4;">#</span><span class="_58cm">Jérusalem</span></a>, fit une découverte sensationnelle : un sarcophage en pierre inviolé, caché dans une chambre secrète. Une fois ouvert, le squelette qu’il contenait tomba en poussière. Hormis les fils d’or du vêtement, il ne restait bientôt plus de la reine Saddan que son nom gravé dans la pierre. Saulcy, à la recherche du tombeau des rois de Juda, décida qu’il s’agissait d’une princesse de la famille de David. Cette interprétation déclencha l’une des plus vives s polémiques archéologiques du XIXème siècle ; de nombreux savants, s’appuyant sut le texte de l’historien Flavius Joseph, identifiaient ce tombeau avec la sépulture d’Hélène d’Adiabène, souveraine d’un petit royaume du nord de l’Irak. Cette identification est généralement admise de nos jours. Saulcy ne voulut jamais reconnaître son erreur. Il parvint à faire acheter le site par les frères Pereire. Ces derniers l’offrirent en 1886 à la France qui en est toujours propriétaire.<br />De nouvelles fouilles ont été récemment menées sur le site pour parfaire la connaissance du monument. Actuellement des travaux sont réalisés afin d’en améliorer la mise en valeur. Un colloque, qui s’est tenu au Louvre en mars 2013, a permis de faire le point sur les nouvelles orientations de la recherche.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span><img height="320" src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/625556_10151876817669926_1285526657_n.jpg" width="320" />VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6961889013167266890.post-86128180121792473712013-10-16T14:30:00.003-07:002013-10-16T14:30:21.253-07:00I MISTERI DELLA BIBBIA - I ROTOLI DEL MAR MORTO<br />
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I Rotoli del Mar Morto sono la più grande ricchezza archeologica del XX secolo. Centinaia di manoscritti sono stati scoperti nelle grotte di Qumran, i nemici di Dio, celebrato l'aspettativa che non ci sarebbe alcuna informazione che dice che la Bibbia usata da ebrei e cristiani era una truffa dal medioevo. Dimostrato il contrario. Tra i manoscritti è stato scoperto un libro del profeta Isaia al tempo di Gesù e ha mantenuto la stessa fedeltà del testo che abbiamo nella nostra Bibbia. Succhiare grumo Diavolo! (Commento del Scriba Valdemir Mota de Menezes)</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-752Vy24ZyE" width="420"></iframe>VALDEMIRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06199661519158627240noreply@blogger.com0